Superoxides and advanced oxides are technologies that use hydroxyl radicals, the ultimate oxidant, to remediate organic contaminants in wastewater. These are extremely effective novel methods for hastening the oxidation process.
AOP can be combined with ozone (O3), a catalyst, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation to provide a powerful wastewater treatment.
Let’s understand what superoxides in wastewater treatment are!
What are superoxides in wastewater treatment?
Superoxides find application in the treatment of hazardous chemical-containing wastewater. For the oxidation of organic pollutants, advanced oxidation technologies rely on the in-situ generation of strong oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals and sulphate radicals.
Some super oxides employ ozone and UV radiation to improve treatment efficiency. These AOP technologies have already been established and implemented on a large scale, for the treatment of drinking water and water reuse facilities. Environmental researchers and scientists are also constantly studying several AOPs, such as electrochemical treatment, use of electron beam, plasma, microwave, and ultrasound related processes.
Superoxides are well known for bridging the gap, between the treatability obtained by traditional physicochemical and biological processes, and the increasingly stringent environmental regulations.
Different types
Photochemical AOPs are frequently used as an effective barrier for organic pollutant, oxidation in wastewater. UV radiation combined with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reaction, confirms the removal of a broader range of compounds.
UV alone is a common photochemical AOP used, such as UV/H2O2, UV/Fe2+, UV/O3, UV/S2O82−, UV/TiO2, UV/chlorine and UV with some other photocatalysts. As a result, UV AOPs can achieve higher removal rates with both hydroxyl and sulphate radicals.
Two types of AOPs used are UV-H2O2 and a heterogeneous Fenton
UV-H2O2: To treat wastewater effluent, a flow-through process consisting of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide generation, followed by UV-H2O2 photolysis is used. Superoxide radicals generated during the production of hydrogen peroxide, react with effluent organic matter to produce organic radicals.
Heterogeneous Fenton: The second AOP involves the use of zeolite as an iron-support in a Fenton-like oxidation process. Fenton's reagent is a hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron solution that reacts to form highly reactive, and oxidative hydroxyl radicals that degrade contaminants at low pH; however, because iron precipitates above a pH of 3, this process is rendered impractical.
Conclusion
As water scarcity worsens, wastewater treatment for reuse is seen as an alternative water source. Tertiary treatments, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOP)/ superoxides are required to remove persistent trace organic compounds, left over from conventional treatments.
The combination of UV and radicals (hydroxyl or sulphate) can more effectively eliminate organics, than direct UV photolysis or persulphate oxidation alone.
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