Introduction:
The beverage industry has a substantial share of the market in the food industry, and it continues to demonstrate potential for development. However, beverage processing poses some specific difficulties in terms of effluent treatment. The following chemicals are commonly found in beverage production facility effluent: sucrose, maltose, lactose, glucose, fructose, artificial sweeteners, fruit juice concentrates, flavoring agents, coloring agents, preservatives, and mineral salts. Beverage pollutants might affect water quality in a variety of ways, which includes a rise in organic matter in COD and BOD. The high organic load in effluent is caused by dissolved sugars, pigments, flavors, and preservatives, as well as a substantial amount of organic suspended solids, such as juice concentrate pulp. To control contamination and safeguard the environment, beverage effluent containing a significant amount of organic matter cannot be released to sewers and watercourses, and thus needs pretreatment before final disposal.
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for Beverages manufacturing Plant:
The evolution of various industrial sectors and the expansion of urbanization result in increased water usage and the production of wastewater that is significantly diverse in nature, toxic effects, and treatability. The food industry/sector, of all industries, demands the greatest amount of water for processing food and is the largest producer of wastewater/effluent.
Wastewater from food manufacturing facilities is frequently of high strength, necessitating pre-treatment before discharge into the environment or reuse. Simply stated, all food processing industries must establish an ETP or Effluent Treatment Plant for effective wastewater management. ETP is developed and incorporated with the latest innovations to prevent the spread of water-borne infectious diseases, which can cause infestations and deterioration when exposed to water bodies. ETP has proven to be an excellent wastewater treatment choice because it significantly reduces the adverse impacts of effluents on aquatic ecosystems and humans.
Working of ETP:
The wastewater produced by factories is treated in several steps at the ETP (as shown in Fig 1). Effluent water is either recycled for reuse in industry or discharged into the atmosphere.
Working process:
Screening: The first step in which influent water enters is screening. In this step, oil skimmer, bar screens, and grit chambers are used. An oil skimmer is an equipment that removes floating oil and grease from water. Another component of machinery used as a filter to remove large solid substances such as plastic, paper, and so on is the bar screen. Grit chambers are yet another component of mechanical equipment that filters small solid substances such as stone and sand.
Following screening, the effluent flows to the Collection Tank before being pumped into the Equalization Tank.
Coagulation and flocculation: It is a chemical reaction. To destabilize the suspended solid particles in the water, lime and aluminum sulphate are combined with wastewater. When alum is incorporated with water, it facilitates the bonding of solid substances and the formation of large solid particles. Lime aids in lowering the pH value. As a result, it is simple to purify or separate from the wastewater.
Clarifier: A clarifier is a procedure that settles solids at the bottom of a tank. This can be accomplished spontaneously through gravity or mechanically. The flow rate of the wastewater influent is reduced in the tank to allow for quicker solid sedimentation. There are two kinds of clarifiers: primary and secondary. The primary clarifier removes large solid particles. Secondary clarification is used to eliminate finer solid particles. The secondary Clarifier tank is larger in size and has a prolonged influent detention time. Sludge is the Suspended Solid that settles at the bottom of the vessel. Scum refers to floatable particles. Finally, sludge is extracted from the vessel via a pit using a sludge plate.
Aeration: The next step in the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from wastewater is aeration. As tiny bubbles, oxygen is injected into the wastewater. This procedure will aid in the removal of undesirable air contaminants such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, iron, and manganese. The water will be less acidic consequently. After the aeration tank, the wastewater is sometimes routed to the auxiliary clarifier.
Reverse osmosis: Lastly, wastewater flows through a membrane which allows only water through while blocking tiny particles and chemicals.
Fig 1. Flow diagram of beverage effluent treatment plant
Technologies used for effluent treatment process:
Technologies used in the effluent treatment procedure include:
1. Equalization
2. Acidification
3. Pressure Filter
4. Primary Floatation
5. Fat Recovery
6. Filter process
7. Neutralization
8. Cooling & Mixing
9. Chemical Conditioning
10. Setting & separation of sludge
11. Removal of Chemical Sludge
12. Biological Oxidation by Activated Sludge Process
13. Bio-clarification / sludge recycle
14. Up flow pressure solid filtration
15. Activated carbon filtration
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