Agents that cause waterborne illnesses

Waterborne infections are spread by sick animals or people contaminating drinking water systems with their urine and faeces. This is more likely to happen in areas where public and private drinking water systems acquire their water from surface waters (rain, creeks, rivers, lakes, and so on) that have been contaminated by diseased animals or people. Surface water can be contaminated by runoff from landfills, septic fields, and sewer systems, as well as residential and industrial developments.

Many severe epidemics of faecal-oral illnesses like cholera and typhoid have occurred as a result of this pollution. However, faecal particles can enter the mouth in a variety of ways, including through the hands or on contaminated food.In general, the most common way for people to become infected is through contaminated food. By even minor contact and transfer, the germs in the faeces can cause sickness. Floodwaters, water runoff from landfills, septic fields, and sewage pipes are all potential sources of contamination.

What are the various Water Contamination risks?

The danger posed by poisonous chemicals in drinking water is different from the danger posed by microbiological pollutants. Apart from the risk of massive accidental contamination of a water supply, there are few chemical constituents in water that can cause acute health problems. Furthermore, past experience has shown that the water in such situations is frequently undrinkable due to an unpleasant flavour, odour, or look.

Contamination on the physical level

Although the contribution of drinking water to total ambient exposure to these radionuclides is very modest under normal circumstances, the radiological health risk associated with the presence of naturally produced radionuclides in drinking water should be taken into account. Water supplies polluted during emergencies resulting from the inadvertent release of radioactive chemicals into the environment are not subject to the generally suggested guideline values.

Contamination by microbes

Since aquatic infections can also be spread through person-to-person contact, aerosols, and food intake, microbial risk can never be completely removed. In these instances, ensuring a safe water supply will limit the likelihood of the disease spreading via other means. Waterborne epidemics should be avoided at all costs since they have the potential to infect a large number of people at the same time.

Bacteria, viruses, yeasts, parasites, helminths, and other microorganisms live in aquatic environment systems and surface waters, and some of them may adapt to living conditions that would otherwise be unsuitable. Some of these organisms are pathogens that cause human communicable diseases, or they find the perfect environment in water for their vectors to proliferate and spread.

The classification is based on the following factors that contribute to the high prevalence of certain diseases:

a. Inadequate water and sanitation services, as well as solid waste disposal services. For satisfactory personal and domestic hygiene, sufficient quantities of good quality water are required.

b. Inadequate housing and poor sanitary conditions. Housing and sanitary conditions are mostly improved by teaching, demonstration, and economic reforms.

c. Inadequate healthcare due to financial, administrative, or technical constraints. Vaccination of young children, who are particularly vulnerable, should be prioritized. In addition to curative medicine, preventive medicine should be emphasised whenever possible.

d. Plans for managing water resources. By expanding the number of vector habitats, water resource development projects such as the operation of irrigation systems often contribute to water-related diseases. The development of pesticide resistance will no longer be an issue if efficient water management systems are planned and designed to avoid problems with mosquito vectors and intermediate host snails at the same time.

Some water-related diseases

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