Turbidity is an optical feature of water, it is a difficult quantity to measure!
To standardize turbidity levels and make comparisons easier, different units were devised dependent on the measuring method. There are three current methods for measuring turbidity.
How to measure turbidity as per EPA?
The “Environmental Protection Agency” has approved eight drinking water monitoring requirement. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 7027, Standard Methodologies 2130B, USEPA Method 180.1, and GLI Method 2 are all common USGS methods. The ADCP backscatter method is also gaining popularity as a means of monitoring total suspended solids.
1-Method 180.1 of the Environmental Protection Agency
The US Environmental Protection Agency's standard for turbidity metre design is Method 180.1, Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry.
The established criteria are designed to ensure that complying metres are accurate and comparable. Nephelometric Turbidity Units are used in instruments that comply with EPA Method 180.1. (NTU).
NTU = {A * (B + C)} / C
A = NTU found in diluted sample,
B = volume of dilution water, mL, and
C = sample volume which is taken for dilution, mL.
2-ISO/IEC 7027
ISO 7027 Water Quality—Determination of Turbidity, developed by the International Organization for Standardization, is a more stringent design standard.
The purpose of this design standard is to ensure that turbidity sensors and metres that follow this procedure have good repeatability and comparability.
Nephelometric technology calibrated by a Formazine standard is used in both EPA 180.1 and ISO-7027. However, due to changes in light source and minor design differences, measurement results vary. Near-infrared light is rarely absorbed by coloured particles and molecules, hence ISO 7027 reduces inaccuracy that might otherwise occur with a broadband light source.
3: Turbiwell, AMI
This approach is unique in that it is an EPA-approved non-contact turbidimeter turbidity measurement method.The “AMI Turbiwell” is a non-contact, or surface scatter, nephelometer designed for continuous monitoring, similar to other process or on-line monitoring equipment’s. The light source for this design must be an LED with a spectral response of 400 to 600 nm. The incident light beam should be angled at a 45-degree angle, plus or minus 5 degrees, to reach the water's surface. Before the light beam strikes the water, a beam splitter should be utilized to deflect a small portion of it.
Units of Turbidity
There is no inherent value in turbidity units. They are a qualitative measurement rather than a quantitative one. Between various turbidity units (e.g. NTU or FNU) and quantitative mass measurements (mg/L), there is no standard conversion. Moreover, pure water is not always healthy, and murky water does not always signal a problem. Data on turbidity must always be viewed in context. This means that the nature of any suspended solids present must be considered in the context of the entire water system.
In India, for measuring turbidity, Indian Standard (IS): 3025-Part-10 is followed.The turbidity of drinking water should be less than 5 NTU. Users will notice if there is more than 5 NTU, and the supply may be rejected. “1” is the required limit whereas “5” is the permissible limit.
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