Basics of sewage sludge:

Sewage sludge is a by-product of the sewage treatment of municipal or industrial wastewater. It is a residual, semi-solid material. Stormwater and sewage enter the sewage system and pass through wastewater treatment facilities, where the solid and liquid wastes are separated through settling.  They are currently being "digested," or degraded by microorganisms.  These processed separated solids, or sewage sludge, contain a variety of known and unidentified dangerous substances.  All waste flushed into the sewer system is included in this, including household, medical, industrial, and chemical waste, as well as chemicals and metals that leach from the sewer pipes and novel materials produced in the wastewater treatment plant as a result of the presence of various chemicals and organic compounds.

Basics of solid waste:

Solid waste includes all garbage or refuse, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, water supply treatment plants, and air pollution control facilities, as well as other discarded materials from business, commercial, mining, agricultural, and community operations. Every action we take generates some sort of garbage. It can be divided into three categories. According to its:

- contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic, paper, etc.),

- origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction, or institutional)

- hazardous potential (infectious, radioactive, poisonous, flammable, non-toxic, etc.).

How is sewage sludge different from solid waste?

Sewage sludge and solid waste differ in numerous aspects. Some of them have been discussed below:

· Composition of sewage sludge:

Between wastewater treatment facilities, as well as during the process, sewage sludge composition is very variable. Raw (untreated) sewage sludge typically comprises 2.0% to 8.0% total dry solids (TS), 60% to 80% of TS of volatile solids (VS), grease and fat, proteins, nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, cellulose, iron, silica, alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3), and organic acids (mg/L as Hac).

· Composition of solid waste:

The composition of solid waste varies from location to location and season to season. About 25% of the material is cinder, 27% is fine dust, 15% is ashes, 4% is empty tins and cans, 14% is putrescible matter, 2% is glass and crockery, 2% is rags, 1% is bone, and 8% is other material. 

· Treatment process of sewage sludge:

Thickening:

In a sludge treatment procedure, thickening is frequently the initial stage. To create larger, more quickly settling aggregates, sludge from primary or secondary clarifiers may be agitated (typically after the addition of clarifying chemicals). While secondary sludge can be thickened to around 4% solids, primary sludge can be thickened to about 8 or 10% solids. Thickeners frequently resemble clarifiers with a stirring mechanism added.

Dewatering:

Centrifugation, filtration, and/or evaporation can be used to minimise the amount of water in sludge to lower transportation costs for disposal or to make it more compostable. Centrifugation might be used as a first step to decrease the volume of sludge before filtration or evaporation. Filtration can take place mechanically in a belt filter press or through underdrains in a sand drying bed. Typically, filtrate and centrate are added back to the sewage treatment procedure. Sludge can be treated as a solid that contains between 50 and 75 percent water after dewatering. Higher moisture content dewatered sludges are often handled as liquids.

Digestion:

In order to decrease the amount of organic matter and the number of disease-causing microbes present in the solids, many sludges are treated utilising a variety of digestion processes. Composting, aerobic digestion, and anaerobic digestion are the most popular forms of therapy. Reducing the amount of organic matter and the number of pathogenic microorganisms in the solids is the goal of digestion.

· Treatment process for solid waste:

Incineration:

Burning is a very efficient way to reduce the volume and weight of solid trash, but it emits greenhouse gases. The waste is burned inside a properly constructed furnace under extremely carefully controlled circumstances in modern incinerators. An inert residue of ash, glass, metal, and other solid components known as bottom ash is left behind after incinerating waste, which can reduce the volume of uncompacted waste by more than 90%.

Composting:

Composting, a biological process in which the organic component of garbage is allowed to decay under strictly supervised circumstances, is another way to dispose municipal solid waste. Composting provides a way to simultaneously process and recycle sewage sludge and waste.

Landfill:

The most popular management technique for municipal solid trash is land disposal. A sanitary landfill, a disposal location that has been carefully chosen, developed, built, and maintained to preserve the environment and public health, is where refuse can be securely dumped.

Recycling is the process of identifying parts of solid waste that may still be useful economically and recovering them for reuse. Recovering and reusing heat energy is one sort of recycling.

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