How can we address the recent choices and technologies for STP?
Traditional sewage treatment technologies, such as the Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP), Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor, and others, are routinely used in sewage systems to treat the wastewater up to secondary levels in accordance with effluent requirements.
There are a number of innovative treatment technologies that have recently come into use, and they all deserve consideration in their own right, as shown below, but the challenge is the design base, which must be standardized for use in Government-funded programmes.
Some of the more well-known technologies are listed here-
1. Batch Reactor for Sequencing (SBR)
2. Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactors (FAB) / Moving Bed-Bio Reactor (MBBR)
3. Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR)
Following technologies, such as the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)/ Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor, have recently been approved under JNNURM projects due to their benefits, such as a minimal land requirements, good effluent quality, and so on.
Other promising therapeutic methods have recently been used in other areas of the world, but they have yet to be implemented on a big scale in India. As a result, even though the following technologies have been tested out at random so far, they must be examined and maybe demonstrated/piloted under Indian circumstances in order to determine their techno-economic feasibility.
Some other recent technologies in Sewage Treatment Systems are as follows:
1: BIOFOR Technology (Biological Filtration and Oxygenated Reactor);
2: BIOFOR-F Technology for High Rate Activated Sludge;
3: Technology of Submerged Aeration Fixed Film (SAFF);
4: Biofilm Activated Sludge Process in a Fixed Bed (FBAS);
5: Sludge Suction Clarifiers/Bio Towers with Rim Flow;
6: Hydro plume (Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier);
7: Eco Bio Blocks.
Addressing the recent technologies in choice of STPs
The “Ministry of Urban Development” issued an advisory on recent trends in technologies in sewage systems in March 2012 to encourage implementers in the field to innovate and explore new technologies as well as Public Private Partnership (PPP) models without compromising on basic technical and financial safeguards.
STP projects could be developed on a long-term commitment from the private sector partner, either on a PPP/build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) basis or on an engineering procurement construction (EPC) plus O&M for 15 years, with a portion of the EPC cost payable over a long-term O&M period, regardless of the technology chosen. However, it is recommended that under an EPC contract, no new technologies can be considered.
In this light, it is necessary to address the latest technologies.
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